Social risks of forming ethnic enclaves

Objective of the study is to identify the factors determining the social risks of the formation of ethnic enclaves in the conditions of the disintegration of the polyethnic space, as well as to propose measures to optimize the overcoming of «deconsolidation traumas» in the process of the fundated interactions of migrants and the autochnotonic society of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the research. The typology of ethnic enclaves of the Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor L. Kononov is analyzed, which divides enclaves by the number, scale of occupied territory, types of immigration flows, countries of origin, the dominant type of migrants, the depth of enclavization, the dominant motives of the enclave lifestyle. The dominant motif of the enclave lifestyle is identified by the selection method: ethnic. Sociological approaches to the formation of ethnic enclaves of both Russian and foreign representatives are considered. As a method, content analysis was used at the "input" of the analysis of system publications in the media. The selection criterion was applied both word-use (migrant and derivatives) and contextual (it is clear from the content of the message that we are talking about migrants). Each message is assigned a marker that characterizes it in terms of mentioning the ethnicity of migrants or the country of origin.   Research results. The process of cultural isolation of diasporas through geographical isolation, which has an ethnic enclave as a product, is considered. Analyzing the existing typologies of enclaves and their functions, it is concluded that an enclave, like a social institution, can perform a set of stable behaviors, have its own informal principles and norms, and also perform a number of functions in the host society. Having studied the specifics of ethnic enclaves, economic and socio-psychological factors determining the social risks of the formation of ethnic enclaves were considered. Further, the current state of state policy on countering the formation of ethnic enclaves was analyzed. It is diagnosed that the operational situation in the settlement of the formation of ethnic enclaves is characterized by a satisfactory level of stability. In modern realities, the Russian labor market has stable uncontrolled schemes for attracting migrants without obtaining patents for the right to work. In case of non-renewal of the patent, there are trends of migrants leaving for "shadow employment", which further leads to a number of social risks for society, and also allows employers to evade non-payment of taxes, which contributes to the autopoiesis of the formation of corrupt closed spaces.   Prospects of the study. The study allowed us to supplement the list of factors and social risks of the formation of ethnic enclaves in the Russian Federation, which are relevant today. Recommendations for optimizing the state policy in the field of preventing the formation of ethnic enclaves are presented. The theoretical significance lies in the fact that the conclusions and results obtained in the course of this study can be used for the further development of the sociology of migration, social anthropology and ethnosociology to deepen the understanding of the social problems of the formation of ethnic enclaves. The practical significance is connected with the sociological analysis of possible measures to prevent and counteract risks and threats to the consolidation of the Russian regional community. These measures can be developed and applied both at the state level and at the regional level.