The Dynamics of Attitudes Towards Migration in Russia (according to data of the European Social Survey 2006–2016)
Acknowledgments
Project No 18-011-00999 “The structure of valuesattitudes and regulatory attitudeslifestyle and behavior of Russians in the first 20 years of the XXI century – the Seventh Wave of Russian Social Survey under the Europ. Comparative Research Program ESS
How to Cite
Mastikova N.S. 2019. The Dynamics of Attitudes Towards Migration in Russia (according to data of the European Social Survey 2006–2016) — Sociologicheskaja nauka i social’naja praktika. Vol. 7. No. 2. P. 99-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.2.6412
Abstract
The studies of attitudes towards migration in Russia indicate a negative attitude of the receiving population towards migrants and the consequences they bring. Despite the fact that there are works done on individual waves of the European Social Survey (ESS) study, the question remains as to what the dynamics of attitudes towards migration in Russia is and what is the reason for the negative attitude. A review of studies on the causes of negative attitudes towards migrants over the years has shown that in most studies the economic factor has the strongest explanatory power. More pronounced negative attitude in countries with a large proportion of migrants in the population, with a high level of unemployment in the country.In an article based on data from the five waves (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2016), the ESS examines the attitude of Russians to migration over a period of 10 years. At the 2016 data, there is an increase in negative assessments of the variables under consideration, which characterize the attitude towards the relocation of migrants into the country of the respondent and the assessment of the changes introduced by migrants. Using regression with dummy variables, an attempt is made to determine the factors affecting the attitude of Russians to migrants. Several models have been built, including economic, cultural, contextual, sociodemographic factors and the human capital factor, in addition, all models included the variable of the year of study, taking into account the effect of the period. It was revealed that none of the models constructed explains the attitude of Russians towards migrants in the dynamics of years in Russia, the coefficient of determination in all versions of the models built did not exceed 1%. The conclusion about the limitations of the database to identify factors influencing the attitude of Russians to migrants in the dynamics of years is substantiated. Restrictions, in particular, are related to the fact that many of the variables of interest do not repeat in all ESS waves, which makes it impossible to study them in dynamics. The potential of qualitative methods as a possible option for further study of the topic is discussed.
Keywords:
European social survey, migrants, dynamics, influence factors, attitude towards migrants, regression with dummy variables
References
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Ponizovskiy V. A. Values and Attitudes Towards Immigrants: Cross-cultural Differences Across 25 Countries. Psikhologija. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoli economiki. 2016. Т. 13. № 2. P. 256–272. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8918-2016-2-256-272.
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Bahry D. Opposition to Immigration, Economic Insecurity and Individual Values: Evidence from Russia. Europe-Asia Studies. 2016. Vol. 68. № 5. P. 893–916. DOI: 10.1080/09668136.2016.1178710.
Barcelo J. Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy in Asia and the Pacific: a quan-titative assessment of current theoretical models beyond western countries. Asian Journal of Political Science. 2016. Vol. 24. № 1. P. 87–123.
Bessudnov A. Ethic Hierarchy and public attitudes towards immigrants in Russia. European Sociological Review. 2015. Vol. 32. № 5. P. 567–580. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcw002.
Blalock H. M. Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1967. 227 p.
Blumer H. Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position. Pacific Sociological Review. 1958. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 3–7.
Bohman A. Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Context: The Role of Rhetoric, Religion and Political Representation. Akademisk avhandling, Umeå: Department of Sociology, Umeå universitet. 2014. P. 1–35.
Brenner J., Fertig M. Identifying the Determinants of Attitudes towards Immigrants: A Structural Cross-Country Analysis, IZA Discussion Papers. № 2306. Institute for the Study of Labor, 2006. P. 1–33.
Campbell D. T. Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1965. P. 283–311.
Card D., Dustmann C., Preston I. Understanding Attitudes to Immigration: The Migration and Minority Module of the First European Social Survey [Electronic resource]. Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration. 2005. URL: http://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/euroimmig.pdf (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Castles S., Miller M. J. The age of migration: international population movements in the modern world. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2003. 369 p.
Citrin J., Green D. P., Muste C., Wong C. Public opinion toward immigration reform: the role of economic motivations. Journal of Politics. 1997. P. 858–881.
Coenders M., Lubbers M., Scheepers P. Support for repatriation policies of migrants. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 2008. Vol. 49. № 2–3. P. 175–194.
Coenders M., Lubbers M., Scheepers P. Majority populations attitudes towards migrants and minorities. Report 1 for the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen. 2003. P. 1–46.
Constant A. F., Kahanec M., Zimmermann K. F. Attitudes Towards Immigrants, other Integration Barriers and their Veracity. International Journal of Manpower. 2009. Vol. 30. № 1–2. P. 5–14.
Coser L. A. The functions of social conflict. Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London. 1956. P. 188.
Dajnoki K., Máté D., Fenyves V., Kun A. I. Deconstructing Attitudes towards Immigrant Workers among Hungarian Employees and Higher Education Students. Sustainability. 2017. Vol. 9. № 1639. P. 1–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091639.
Davidov E., Meuleman B. Explaining attitudes towards immigration policies in European countries: The role of human values. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2012. Vol. 38. № 5. P. 757–775.
Facchini G., Mayda A. From individual attitudes towards migrants to migration policy outcomes: theory and evidence. Economic Policy. 2008. Vol. 23. P. 651–713.
Facchini G., Mayda A. Does the Welfare State Affect Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants? Evidence Across Countries. Review of Economics and Statistics. 2009. Vol. 91. № 2. P. 295–314.
Brenner J., Fertig M. Identifying the Determinants of Attitudes Towards Immigrants: A Structural Cross-Country Analysis. [Electronic resource]. SSRN. 2006. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=933036 (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Gang I. N., Rivera-Batiz F. L., Yun M. Economic Strain, Ethnic Concentration and Attitudes Towards Foreigners in the European Union. IZA Discussion paper series. № 578. Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn. 2002. P. 1–40.
Gorinas C., Pytlikova M. The Influence of Attitudes toward Immigrants on International Migration. International Migration Review, 2017. Vol. 51. Issue 2. P. 416–451.
Gorodzeisky A., Glikman A., Maskileyson D. The nature of anti-immigrant sentiment in post-socialist Russia. Post-Soviet Affairs. 2014. Vol. 31. P. 115–135.
Grigoryan L., Ponizovskiy V. The three facets of National Identity: Identity Dynamics and Attitudes toward Immigrants in Russia. [Electronic resource]. Sage. 2018. P. 1–25. URL: https://doi. org/10.1177/0020715218806037 (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Hainmueller J., Hiscox M. J. Educated Preferences: Explaining Individual Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe. International Organization. 2007. Vol. 61. № 2. P. 339–442.
Heath A., Richards L. How do Europeans differ in their attitudes to immigration? [Electronic resource]. European Social Survey. 2016. URL: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/about/ conference/HEATH_FORD_how-do-Europeans-differ.pdf (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Hjerm M. Anti-immigrant attitudes and cross-municipal variation in the proportion of immigrants. Acta Sociologica. 2009. Vol. 52. № 1. P. 47–62.
Hooghe M., Trappers A., Meuleman B., Reeskens T. Migration to European countries. A structural explanation of patterns, 1980–2004. International Migration Review. 2008. Vol. 42. № 2. P. 476–504.
Kosho J. Media Influence on Public Opinion Attitudes Toward the Migration Crisis. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research. 2016. Vol. 5. Is. 05. P. 86–91.
Malchow-Moeller N., Munch J. R., Schroll S., Skaksen R. J. Attitudes towards immigration: does economic self-interest matter? IZA Discussion Papers. 2006. № 2283. Р. 371–390.
Markaki Y., Longhi S. What Determines Attitudes to Immigration in European Countries? An Analysis at the Regional Level. Migration Studies. 2013. Vol. 1. № 3. P. 311–337.
Mayda A. M. Who is against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants. Review of Economics and Statistics. 2006. Vol. 88. № 3. P. 510–530.
Meuleman B., Davidov E., Billiet J. Changing Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe, 2002–2007. A Dynamic Group Conflict Theory Approach. Social Science Research. 2009. Vol. 38. № 2. P. 352–365.
Muller T., Tai S. Individual Attitudes toward Migration: A Re-examination of the Evidence [Electronic resource]. WTO. 2010. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/gtdw_e/ wkshop10_e/tai_e.pdf (date of access: 06.12.2018).
O’Rourke K. H., Sinnott R. The Determinants of Individual Attitudes Towards Immigration. European Journal of Political Economy. 2006. Vol. 22. № 4. P. 838–861.
OECD publishing. International Migration Outlook [Electronic resource]. OECD. 2016. URL: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/international-migration-outlook-2017/ trends-in-migration-flows-2016_migr_outlook-2017-table24-en#page1 (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Olzak S. Dynamics of ethnic competition and conflict. Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, 1992. P. 288.
Quillian L. Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat, Population Composition and Anti-Immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review. 1995. № 4. P. 586–611.
Ramos A., Pereira C., Vala J. Economic crisis, human values and attitudes towards immigration. Values, economic crisis and democracy. Abingdon: Routledge. 2016. P. 1–137.
Rustenbach E. Sources of negative attitudes toward immigrants in Europe: A multi-level analysis. International Migration Review. 2010. Vol. 44. № 1. P. 53–77.
Sagiv L., Schwartz S. H. Value priorities and readiness for out-group social contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995. Vol. 69. No 3. P. 437–448.
Scheepers P., Gijsberts M., Coenders M. Ethnic Exclusionism in European Countries. Public Opposition to Civil Rights for Legal Migrants as a Response to Perceived Ethnic Threat. European Sociological Review. 2002. Vol. 18. № 1. P. 17–34.
Scheve K. F., Slaughter M. J. Labor Market Competition and Individual Preferences over Immigration Policy. Review of Economics and Statistics. 2001. Vol. 83. № 1. P. 133–145.
Schneider S. L. Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review. 2008. Vol. 24. № 1. P. 53–67.
Schwartz S. H., Bilsky W. Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values: Extensions and Cross-Cultural Replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990. Vol. 58. P. 878–891.
Semyonov M., Raijman R., Gorodzeisky A. The Rise of Anti- Foreigner Sentiment in European Societies, 1988–2000. American Sociological Review. 2006. Vol. 71. № 3. P. 426–449.
Semyonov M., Raijman R., Gorodzeisky A. Foreigners’ impact on European societies. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 2008. Vol. 49. № 1. P. 5–20.
Sides J., Citrin J. European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests and information. British Journal of Political Science. 2007. Vol. 37. № 3. P. 477–504.
Slotte N. Political Influence and Anti-Immigrant Attitudes. [Electronic resource]. Gupea. 2015. URL: https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/41187/1/gupea_2077_41187_1.pdf (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Strabac Z., Listhaug O. Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: a multi-level analysis of survey data from 30 countries. Social Science Research. 2008. Vol. 37. P. 268–286.
Turner T. Why are Irish Attitudes to Immigrants among the Most Liberal in Europe? European Societies. 2010. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 25–44.
Voicu M., Mochmann I. C., Dulmer H. Values: Economic Crisis and Democracy. Oxford and New York: Routledge. 2016. 318 p.
Mukomel’ V. I. Ksenofoby i ih antipody, kto oni? [Xenophobes and their antipodes, who are they?]. Mir Rossii. 2017. № 1. P. 32–57.
Mezhdunarodnaya migraciya. [International migration]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoj statistiki. 2016. URL: http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/migr2.xls (data obrashcheniya: 06.12.2018).
Ponizovskiy V. A. Values and Attitudes Towards Immigrants: Cross-cultural Differences Across 25 Countries. Psikhologija. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoli economiki. 2016. Т. 13. № 2. P. 256–272. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8918-2016-2-256-272.
Adorno T. W. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper, 1950.
Allport G. The Nature of Prejudice. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1958. P. 299–308.
Avdiu B. The Effect of Attitudes toward Migrants on Migrant Skill Composition [Electronic resource]. Researchgate. 2018. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323556884_The_ Effect_of_Attitudes_toward_Migrants_on_Migrant_Skill_Composition (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Bahry D. Opposition to Immigration, Economic Insecurity and Individual Values: Evidence from Russia. Europe-Asia Studies. 2016. Vol. 68. № 5. P. 893–916. DOI: 10.1080/09668136.2016.1178710.
Barcelo J. Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy in Asia and the Pacific: a quan-titative assessment of current theoretical models beyond western countries. Asian Journal of Political Science. 2016. Vol. 24. № 1. P. 87–123.
Bessudnov A. Ethic Hierarchy and public attitudes towards immigrants in Russia. European Sociological Review. 2015. Vol. 32. № 5. P. 567–580. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcw002.
Blalock H. M. Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1967. 227 p.
Blumer H. Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position. Pacific Sociological Review. 1958. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 3–7.
Bohman A. Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Context: The Role of Rhetoric, Religion and Political Representation. Akademisk avhandling, Umeå: Department of Sociology, Umeå universitet. 2014. P. 1–35.
Brenner J., Fertig M. Identifying the Determinants of Attitudes towards Immigrants: A Structural Cross-Country Analysis, IZA Discussion Papers. № 2306. Institute for the Study of Labor, 2006. P. 1–33.
Campbell D. T. Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1965. P. 283–311.
Card D., Dustmann C., Preston I. Understanding Attitudes to Immigration: The Migration and Minority Module of the First European Social Survey [Electronic resource]. Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration. 2005. URL: http://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/euroimmig.pdf (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Castles S., Miller M. J. The age of migration: international population movements in the modern world. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2003. 369 p.
Citrin J., Green D. P., Muste C., Wong C. Public opinion toward immigration reform: the role of economic motivations. Journal of Politics. 1997. P. 858–881.
Coenders M., Lubbers M., Scheepers P. Support for repatriation policies of migrants. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 2008. Vol. 49. № 2–3. P. 175–194.
Coenders M., Lubbers M., Scheepers P. Majority populations attitudes towards migrants and minorities. Report 1 for the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen. 2003. P. 1–46.
Constant A. F., Kahanec M., Zimmermann K. F. Attitudes Towards Immigrants, other Integration Barriers and their Veracity. International Journal of Manpower. 2009. Vol. 30. № 1–2. P. 5–14.
Coser L. A. The functions of social conflict. Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London. 1956. P. 188.
Dajnoki K., Máté D., Fenyves V., Kun A. I. Deconstructing Attitudes towards Immigrant Workers among Hungarian Employees and Higher Education Students. Sustainability. 2017. Vol. 9. № 1639. P. 1–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091639.
Davidov E., Meuleman B. Explaining attitudes towards immigration policies in European countries: The role of human values. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2012. Vol. 38. № 5. P. 757–775.
Facchini G., Mayda A. From individual attitudes towards migrants to migration policy outcomes: theory and evidence. Economic Policy. 2008. Vol. 23. P. 651–713.
Facchini G., Mayda A. Does the Welfare State Affect Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants? Evidence Across Countries. Review of Economics and Statistics. 2009. Vol. 91. № 2. P. 295–314.
Brenner J., Fertig M. Identifying the Determinants of Attitudes Towards Immigrants: A Structural Cross-Country Analysis. [Electronic resource]. SSRN. 2006. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=933036 (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Gang I. N., Rivera-Batiz F. L., Yun M. Economic Strain, Ethnic Concentration and Attitudes Towards Foreigners in the European Union. IZA Discussion paper series. № 578. Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn. 2002. P. 1–40.
Gorinas C., Pytlikova M. The Influence of Attitudes toward Immigrants on International Migration. International Migration Review, 2017. Vol. 51. Issue 2. P. 416–451.
Gorodzeisky A., Glikman A., Maskileyson D. The nature of anti-immigrant sentiment in post-socialist Russia. Post-Soviet Affairs. 2014. Vol. 31. P. 115–135.
Grigoryan L., Ponizovskiy V. The three facets of National Identity: Identity Dynamics and Attitudes toward Immigrants in Russia. [Electronic resource]. Sage. 2018. P. 1–25. URL: https://doi. org/10.1177/0020715218806037 (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Hainmueller J., Hiscox M. J. Educated Preferences: Explaining Individual Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe. International Organization. 2007. Vol. 61. № 2. P. 339–442.
Heath A., Richards L. How do Europeans differ in their attitudes to immigration? [Electronic resource]. European Social Survey. 2016. URL: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/about/ conference/HEATH_FORD_how-do-Europeans-differ.pdf (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Hjerm M. Anti-immigrant attitudes and cross-municipal variation in the proportion of immigrants. Acta Sociologica. 2009. Vol. 52. № 1. P. 47–62.
Hooghe M., Trappers A., Meuleman B., Reeskens T. Migration to European countries. A structural explanation of patterns, 1980–2004. International Migration Review. 2008. Vol. 42. № 2. P. 476–504.
Kosho J. Media Influence on Public Opinion Attitudes Toward the Migration Crisis. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research. 2016. Vol. 5. Is. 05. P. 86–91.
Malchow-Moeller N., Munch J. R., Schroll S., Skaksen R. J. Attitudes towards immigration: does economic self-interest matter? IZA Discussion Papers. 2006. № 2283. Р. 371–390.
Markaki Y., Longhi S. What Determines Attitudes to Immigration in European Countries? An Analysis at the Regional Level. Migration Studies. 2013. Vol. 1. № 3. P. 311–337.
Mayda A. M. Who is against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants. Review of Economics and Statistics. 2006. Vol. 88. № 3. P. 510–530.
Meuleman B., Davidov E., Billiet J. Changing Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe, 2002–2007. A Dynamic Group Conflict Theory Approach. Social Science Research. 2009. Vol. 38. № 2. P. 352–365.
Muller T., Tai S. Individual Attitudes toward Migration: A Re-examination of the Evidence [Electronic resource]. WTO. 2010. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/gtdw_e/ wkshop10_e/tai_e.pdf (date of access: 06.12.2018).
O’Rourke K. H., Sinnott R. The Determinants of Individual Attitudes Towards Immigration. European Journal of Political Economy. 2006. Vol. 22. № 4. P. 838–861.
OECD publishing. International Migration Outlook [Electronic resource]. OECD. 2016. URL: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/international-migration-outlook-2017/ trends-in-migration-flows-2016_migr_outlook-2017-table24-en#page1 (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Olzak S. Dynamics of ethnic competition and conflict. Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, 1992. P. 288.
Quillian L. Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat, Population Composition and Anti-Immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review. 1995. № 4. P. 586–611.
Ramos A., Pereira C., Vala J. Economic crisis, human values and attitudes towards immigration. Values, economic crisis and democracy. Abingdon: Routledge. 2016. P. 1–137.
Rustenbach E. Sources of negative attitudes toward immigrants in Europe: A multi-level analysis. International Migration Review. 2010. Vol. 44. № 1. P. 53–77.
Sagiv L., Schwartz S. H. Value priorities and readiness for out-group social contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995. Vol. 69. No 3. P. 437–448.
Scheepers P., Gijsberts M., Coenders M. Ethnic Exclusionism in European Countries. Public Opposition to Civil Rights for Legal Migrants as a Response to Perceived Ethnic Threat. European Sociological Review. 2002. Vol. 18. № 1. P. 17–34.
Scheve K. F., Slaughter M. J. Labor Market Competition and Individual Preferences over Immigration Policy. Review of Economics and Statistics. 2001. Vol. 83. № 1. P. 133–145.
Schneider S. L. Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review. 2008. Vol. 24. № 1. P. 53–67.
Schwartz S. H., Bilsky W. Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values: Extensions and Cross-Cultural Replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990. Vol. 58. P. 878–891.
Semyonov M., Raijman R., Gorodzeisky A. The Rise of Anti- Foreigner Sentiment in European Societies, 1988–2000. American Sociological Review. 2006. Vol. 71. № 3. P. 426–449.
Semyonov M., Raijman R., Gorodzeisky A. Foreigners’ impact on European societies. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 2008. Vol. 49. № 1. P. 5–20.
Sides J., Citrin J. European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests and information. British Journal of Political Science. 2007. Vol. 37. № 3. P. 477–504.
Slotte N. Political Influence and Anti-Immigrant Attitudes. [Electronic resource]. Gupea. 2015. URL: https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/41187/1/gupea_2077_41187_1.pdf (date of access: 06.12.2018).
Strabac Z., Listhaug O. Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: a multi-level analysis of survey data from 30 countries. Social Science Research. 2008. Vol. 37. P. 268–286.
Turner T. Why are Irish Attitudes to Immigrants among the Most Liberal in Europe? European Societies. 2010. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 25–44.
Voicu M., Mochmann I. C., Dulmer H. Values: Economic Crisis and Democracy. Oxford and New York: Routledge. 2016. 318 p.
Citation Formats
Other cite formats:
Harvard
Mastikova, N. S. (2019) ’The Dynamics of Attitudes Towards Migration in Russia (according to data of the European Social Survey 2006–2016)’, Sociologicheskaja nauka i social’naja praktika, 7(2), pp. 99-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.2.6412.
Section
ETHNOSOCIOLOGY
Publisher: Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FCTAS RAS)