Evolution of “Ethnic” Business in Russia: Comparative Analysis of Entrepreneurship of Migrants from Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan
Research Article
How to Cite
Peshkova V.M. 2021. Evolution of “Ethnic” Business in Russia: Comparative Analysis of Entrepreneurship of Migrants from Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan — Sociologicheskaja nauka i social’naja praktika. Vol. 9. No. 4. P. 205-220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2021.9.4.8615
Abstract
The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial activity of migrants from Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan in Moscow and the Moscow region who have created a business in the period from the 1990s to the mid-2010s. The study was carried out on the analysis of 58 interviews with entrepreneurs and representatives of public organizations and journalists, as well as a survey of entrepreneurs of Kyrgyz origin conducted in 2017-2019. The comparison is based on the analysis of the factors and characteristics such as structural opportunities and limitations; motivation to engage in entrepreneurship; features of the formation of start-up capital, the composition of partners, personnel and consumer audience; types of entrepreneurial strategies; the role of ethnicity and ethnicity, as well as networks based on ties with relatives, fellow countrymen and compatriots. It is concluded that the concept of “middleman minority” is most suitable for describing the ideal type of entrepreneurship of migrants from Azerbaijan, and “ethnic economy” for migrants from Kyrgyzstan. However, the business activity of migrants is not limited to these types. The peculiarities of entrepreneurship of migrants, a variety of specific entrepreneurial strategies are born at the intersection of the mutual influence of migration history, socio-demographic characteristics and various socio-economic, political and local contexts in different historical periods.
Keywords:
migrants-entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, “ethnic” business, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia
References
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25. Pécoud A. (2010). What is ethnic in an ethnic economy? International Review of Sociology. Vol. 20. № 1. P. 59–76.
26. Portes A., Zhou M. (1992). Gaining the Upper Hand: Economic mobility among immigrant and domestic minorities. Ethnic and Racial Studies. Vol. 15. P. 491–522.
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28. Rath J. (2006). Enterprenership among migrants and returnees: creating new opportunities. International Symposium on international migration and development Turin, Italy, 28-30 June 2006. UN/POP/MIG/SYMP/2006/05.
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30. Solano G. (2015). Transnational vs. domestic immigrant entrepreneurs: a comparative literature analysis of the use of personal skills and social networks. American Journal of Entrepreneurship. Vol. 8. № 2. P. 1–21.
31. Thierry V. (2007). Ethnic entrepreneurship: a theoretical framework. Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship: a co-evolutionary view on resource management. Leo-Paul Dana (ed.). Edward Edgar Publishing Inc.; P. 30-41.
32. World Migration report 2020. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2019.
33. Zhou M. (2004). Revisiting ethnic entrepreneurship: convergencies, controversies, and conceptual advancements. International Migration Review. Vol. 38. Iss. 3. P. 1040–1074. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00228.x.
2. Gadzhigasanova N. (2013). Osobennosti funktsionirovaniya etnicheskogo predprinimatel’stva v usloviyah regional’nogo tsentra (na primere Yaroslavlya). [Features of the functioning of ethnic entrepreneurship in a regional center (on the example of the city of Yaroslavl)]. Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P. G. Demidova. Ser. Gumanitarnye nauki. №. 4. P. 149–153. (In Russ.).
3. Dmitriev A. V., Pyaduhov G. A. (2005). Etnicheskie gruppy migrantov i konflikty v anklavnyh rynkah truda. [Ethnic groups of migrants and conflicts in enclave labor markets]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. № 8. P. 90–100. (In Russ.).
4. Dyatlov V. I. (2000). Sovremennye torgovye men’shinstva: faktor stabil’nosti ili konflikta? (Kitajtsy i kavkaztsy v Irkutske). [Modern trading minorities: a factor of stability or conflict? (Chinese and Caucasians in Irkutsk)]. M. : «Natalis» publ. (In Russ.). 190 p.
5. Dyatlov V. I. (2017). Postsovetskie rynki pod otkrytym nebom: novyj fenomen ili prodolzhenie traditsii? [Post-Soviet open-air markets: a new phenomenon or a continuation of a tradition?] Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniya. № 1. P. 99–118. (In Russ.).
6. Ezhemesyachnyj monitoring sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo polozheniya i samochuvstviya naseleniya: 2015 – avgusta 2019. [Monthly monitoring of the socio-economic situation and well-being of the population: 2015 – August 2019]. Ed. by T. Maleva. 2019. (In Russ.).
7. Kuznetsov I. M., Mukomel’ V. I. (2007). Formirovanie etnicheskih nish v rossijskoj ekonomike: istoriya voprosa. [Formation of ethnic niches in the Russian economy: history of the issue]. Neprikosnovennyj zapas: debaty o politike i kul’ture. № 1. P. 175–184. (In Russ.).
8. Mukomel’ V. I. Migratsionnye processy v Rossii 1985–2015. [Migration processes in Russia 1985-2015]. Sajt proekta Poslednie 30. URL: http://last30.ru/issue/migration/research/ (data obrashcheniya: 20.09.2021). (In Russ.).
9. Rabochaya sila, zanyatost’ i bezrabotitsa v Rossii (po rezul’tatam vyborochnyh obsledovanij rabochej sily). (2020). [Labor force, employment and unemployment in Russia (based on the results of sample labor force surveys)]. Stat.sb. M. : Rosstat publ. 145 p. (In Russ.).
10. Radaev V. V. (1995). Etnicheskoe predprinimatel’stvo: mirovoj opyt i Rossiya. [Ethnic entrepreneurship: world experience and Russia]. Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniya. № 5. P. 79–87. (In Russ.).
11. Ryazantsev S. V. (2000). Etnicheskoe predprinimatel’stvo kak forma adaptatsii migrantov. [Ethnic entrepreneurship as a form of adaptation of migrants]. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’. № 5. P. 73–86. (In Russ.).
12. Snisarenko A. Etnicheskoe predprinimatel’stvo v bol’shom gorode sovremennoj Rossii (na materialah issledovaniya azerbajdzhanskoj obshchiny S.-Peterburga). [Ethnic entrepreneurship in the big city of modern Russia (based on research materials of the Azerbaijani community of St. Petersburg)]. URL: http://www.narcom.ru/publ/info/522 (data obrashcheniya: 28.08.2021). (In Russ.).
13. Trudovaya migratsiya na postsovetskom prostranstve: trendy, problemy, vozmozhnosti regulirovaniya. (2017). [Labor migration in the post-Soviet space: trends, problems, opportunities for regulation]. Ed. by I. V. Frolovoj. Ufa : Mir pechati publ. (In Russ.).
14. Waldinger R., Aldrich H. E., Ward R. (2008). Etnicheskie predprinimateli. [Ethnic Entrepreneurs]. Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya. Vol. 9, № 5. P. 30–55. (In Russ.).
15. Shcherbakova E. (2020). Migratsiya v Rossii itogi pervogo polugodiya 2020 goda. [Migration in Russia results of the first half of 2020]. Demoskop Weekly. № 871–872. 28 sentyabrya – 11 oktyabrya. (In Russ.).
16. Bonacich E. A. (1973). Theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review. Vol. 38. № 5. P. 583–594.
17. Cederberg M., Villares-Varela M. (2018). Ethnic entrepreneurship and the question of agency: the role of different forms of capital, and the relevance of social class. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Vol. 45. № 1. P. 115-132. DOI: https://10.1080/1369183X.2018.1459521.
18. Ilhan-Nas T., Sahin K., Cilingir Z. (2011). International ethnic entrepreneurship: Antecedents, outcomes and environmental context. International Business Review. Vol. 20. № 6. P. 614–626. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.02.011.
19. Immigration and entrepreneurship in the United States. NBER Working Paper. № 27778. September 2020.
20. Kloosterman R., Rath J. (2001). Immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies: mixed embeddedness further explored. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Vol. 27. № 2. P. 189–201.
21. Light I., Gold S. (2000). Ethnic Economies. San Diego: Academic Press.
22. Light I., Karageorgis S. (1994). The ethnic economy. Handbook of Economic Sociology. Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg (eds). New York: Russell Sage Foundation, P. 647–71.
23. Naudé W., Siegel M., Marchand K. (2015). Migration, entrepreneurship and development: a critical review august. IZA DP. № 9284.
24. Oliveira C.R. (2007). Understanding the diversity of immigrant entrepreneurial strategies. Handbook of Кesearch on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: A Co-Evolutionary View on Resource Management. Leo-Paul Dana (ed.). Edward Edgar Publishing Inc.; P. 61–83.
25. Pécoud A. (2010). What is ethnic in an ethnic economy? International Review of Sociology. Vol. 20. № 1. P. 59–76.
26. Portes A., Zhou M. (1992). Gaining the Upper Hand: Economic mobility among immigrant and domestic minorities. Ethnic and Racial Studies. Vol. 15. P. 491–522.
27. Portes A. Jensen L. (1987). What’s an ethnic enclave? The case for conceptual clarity. American Sociological Review. Vol. 52. P. 768–771.
28. Rath J. (2006). Enterprenership among migrants and returnees: creating new opportunities. International Symposium on international migration and development Turin, Italy, 28-30 June 2006. UN/POP/MIG/SYMP/2006/05.
29. Rath J., Swagerman A. (2016). Promoting ethnic entrepreneurship in European cities: sometimes ambitious, mostly absent, rarely addressing structural features. International Migration. Vol. 54. Is. 1. P. 152–166. http://doi.10.1111/imig.12215.
30. Solano G. (2015). Transnational vs. domestic immigrant entrepreneurs: a comparative literature analysis of the use of personal skills and social networks. American Journal of Entrepreneurship. Vol. 8. № 2. P. 1–21.
31. Thierry V. (2007). Ethnic entrepreneurship: a theoretical framework. Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship: a co-evolutionary view on resource management. Leo-Paul Dana (ed.). Edward Edgar Publishing Inc.; P. 30-41.
32. World Migration report 2020. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2019.
33. Zhou M. (2004). Revisiting ethnic entrepreneurship: convergencies, controversies, and conceptual advancements. International Migration Review. Vol. 38. Iss. 3. P. 1040–1074. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00228.x.
Article
Received: 28.09.2021
Accepted: 02.12.2021
Citation Formats
Other cite formats:
Harvard
Peshkova, V. M. (2021) ’Evolution of “Ethnic” Business in Russia: Comparative Analysis of Entrepreneurship of Migrants from Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan’, Sociologicheskaja nauka i social’naja praktika, 9(4), pp. 205-220. doi: https://doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2021.9.4.8615.
Section
ETHNOSOCIOLOGY
Publisher: Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FCTAS RAS)