The migration component in the demographic development of Russia in the post-war period (1951–2020)
Research Article
Acknowledgments
The article is written under financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 19-010-00416)
How to Cite
Kvashnin Y.D. The migration component in the demographic development of Russia in the post-war period (1951–2020). Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia. 2021. Vol. 17. No. 3. P. 314-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2021.17.3.2 (in Russ.).
Abstract
The concept of unconditional basic income (UBI), which provides for the introduction (instead of or in addition to existing forms of social protection) of regular universal cash payments on an individual basis in favor of all members of the community without any preconditions, is attracting increasing interest among experts and scholars, international organizations, charitable foundations, municipal and regional authorities. Estimating the possible consequences of introducing a basic income, however, remains an equation with too many unknowns. As a result, even in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which demanded unprecedented measures in the social sphere, preference was given to traditional mechanisms to support the economy, employment, and living standards. The results of experiments with basic income, carried out over the past half-century, due to their limited scope, are still clearly insufficient to make an unambiguous conclusion about the viability of this scheme and the feasibility of its implementation on a national scale. At the same time, these experiments showed that basic income, when incorporated into existing social protection systems, can become an effective tool for smoothing regional disparities, the vulnerable position of a certain age and gender groups, as well as improving physical and mental health indicators. Moreover, they allow us, with some caution, to conclude that concerns about the negative impact of basic income on employment are grossly exaggerated. With regard to Russia, promising directions for the implementation of pilot programs could be as following: stimulating the development of lagging regions of the Federation, supporting young people who have recently entered the labor market and citizens of pre-retirement age, as well as, in light of unfavorable demographic trends, the introduction of unconditional cash payments for minor children
Keywords:
unconditional basic income (UBI), minimum guaranteed income, emergency cash payments, experiments with basic income, social inequality, labour market, employment, monetization of benefits
References
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2. Bobkov V.N., Chernykh E.A., Zolotov S.A., Pavlova V.V. Unconditional Basic Income: Criterial Bases, Transitional Forms and Experimental Implementations. Sociological Studies. 2020. No. 10. P. 84-94. DOI: 10.31857/S013216250009313-7 (In Russ.).
3. Volkov A.M. Basic Income in some Nordic Countries: Theory and Practice. World Economy and International Relations. 2020. Vol. 64. No. 9. P. 48-52. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-9-48-52 (In Russ.).
4. Gontmacher E.Sh. Basic Income as a Prologue to Social Policy of the 21st Century? Economic Policy. 2019. Vol. 14. No. 2. P. 156-177. DOI: 10.18288/1994-5124-2019-2-156-177 (In Russ.).
5. Zolotov A.V., Zolotov S.A. Realization of UBI principles as an answer to the COVID–19 challenges. Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia. 2020. Vol. 16. No. 4. P. 96–104. DOI: 10.19181/lsprr.2020.16.4.8 (In Russ.).
6. Kapeliushnikov R.I. Universal basic income: Does it Have a Future? National Research University Higher School of Economics. Moscow. 52 p. URL: https://wp.hse.ru/data/2020/06/05/1602307712/WP3_2020_04________f.pdf (дата обращения: 12.06.2021).
7. Kvashnin Yu. Basic Income as a Response to New Economic Challenges. Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal. 2020. No. 3. P. 13-23. DOI: 10.20542/afij-2020-3-13-23 (In Russ.).
8. Kvashnin Yu. Citizens’ Income in Italy: a Social Revolution or yet another Populist Measure? Scientific and Analytical Herald of the Institute of Europe RAS. 2019. No. 6. P. 66-72. DOI: 10.15211/vestnikieran620196672 (In Russ.).
9. Seytkaliev R.M. Basic Income in the Developing World: Analysis and Development Prospects. Social Sciences and Contemporary World. 2020. No. 5. P. 93-106. DOI: 10.31857/S086904990011007-9 (In Russ.).
10. Davala S., Jhabvala R., Standing G., Mehta D. Basic Income: A Transformative Policy for India. London. 2015. 248 p. ISBN: 978-1472583116.
11. Gentilini U., Grosh, M., Rigolini I., Yemtsov R. Exploring Universal Basic Income: A Guide to Navigating Concepts, Evidence, and Practices. World Bank Group. Washington, D.C. 2019. 300 p. ISBN: 978-1464814587.
12. Gheaus A. Basic Income, Gender Justice and the Costs of Gender-Symmetrical Lifestyles. Basic Income Studies. 2008. Vol. 3. No. 3. P. 1-8.
13. Lehto O. Basic Income around the World: The Unexpected Benefits of Unconditional Cash Transfers. Adam Smith Research Trust. London. 2018. 45 p.
14. McKay A. Rethinking Work and Income Maintenance Policy: Promoting Gender Equality Through a Citizens' Basic Income. Feminist Economics. 2013. Vol. 7. No. 1. P. 97-118. DOI: 10.1080/13545700010022721.
15. Riutort S., Julià A., Laín B. and Torrens L. B-MINCOME pilot final results (2017-2019). Executive Report. Barcelona. 2021. Accessed: 12.06.2021. URL: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/dretssocials/sites/default/files/arxius-documents/bmincome_executive_report.pdf.
16. Ståhl C., MacEachen E. Universal Basic Income as a Policy Response to COVID‑9 and Precarious Employment: Potential Impacts on Rehabilitation and Return-to-Work. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. 2020. Vol. 31. P. 3-6. DOI: 10.1007/s10926-020-09923-w.
17. Standing G. A Precariat Charter: From Denizens to Citizens. Bloomsbury Publishing. London. 2014. 440 p. ISBN: 978-1472510396.
18. Standing G. Battling Eight Giants: Basic Income Now. I.B. Tauris. London. 2020. 152 p. ISBN: 978-0755600632
19. Torry M. (Ed.) The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income. Palgrave Macmillan. 2019. 608 p. ISBN: 978-3-030-23614-4.
20. Van Parijs Ph. and Vanderborght Y. Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. 2017. 400 p. ISBN: 978-0674237469.
21. Yang A. The War on Normal People: The Truth About America's Disappearing Jobs and Why Universal Basic Income Is Our Future. Hachette Books. New York. 2019. 304 p. ISBN: 978-0316414210.
22. Yeung Y. and Howes S. Resources-to-Cash: a Cautionary Tale from Mongolia. IM4DC Action Research Report. 2015. Accessed: 12.06.2021. URL: https://im4dc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Combined-Yeung.pdf.
23. Zwolinski M. The Pragmatic Libertarian Case for a Basic Income Guarantee. Cato Unbound: A Journal of Debate. 2014. Accessed: 12.06.2021. URL: https://www.cato-unbound.org/2014/08/04/matt-zwolinski/pragmatic-libertarian-case-basic-income-guarantee.
Article
Received: 15.06.2021
Accepted: 20.09.2021
Citation Formats
Other cite formats:
APA
Kvashnin, Y. D. (2021). The migration component in the demographic development of Russia in the post-war period (1951–2020). Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia, 17(3), 314-326. https://doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2021.17.3.2
Section
ECONOMIC RESEARCH
