The Urgency to Imagine a New Paradigm. The Labour Market between Global Trends and Peculiar Italian Features after the COVID-19 Pandemic
Research Article
How to Cite
Fontana R., Calo E.D. The Urgency to Imagine a New Paradigm. The Labour Market between Global Trends and Peculiar Italian Features after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia. 2022. Vol. 18. No. 3. P. 319-329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2022.18.3.4
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the peculiar characteristics of the Italian working situation after the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, starting from the forecasts on the impact of the Digital Transformation (DT) on the global labour market, the authors try to combine the macro and micro-social risks related to this process with those arising from the pandemic scenario, finding a common thread that seems to return the sign of these times. Observing the Italian context, some reflections are provided to rethink the balances of the world of work, in particular through the use of the digital technologies, the plural forms of remote working (RT) and the prevention of the youth unemployment and great resignation phenomena.
Keywords:
Labour market changes, Digital Transformation, Remote Working, Great Resignation, COVID-19 consequences, Italian case study
References
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46. Perry T.S. Tech Pay Rises (Almost) Everywhere: The ‘Great Resignation’ is pushing salaries up. IEEE Spectrum. 2021;58,12:17. DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2021.9641775
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49. Rullani F., Rullani E. Dentro la rivoluzione digitale. Per una nuova cultura dell'impresa e del management. Torino: Giappichelli: 2018.
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56. Urbinati A., Chiaroni D., Chiesa V., Frattini F. The Role of Digital Technologies in Open Innovation Processes: An Exploratory Multiple Case Study Analysis. R & D Management. 2020;50,1:136. DOI: 10.1111/radm.12313.
57. Van Dijck J.F.T.M., Poell T., de Waal M. Platform society. Valori pubblici e societa connessa. Milano: Guerini Scientifica: 2019.
58. Vivarelli M. Technology, Employment and Skills: An Interpretative Framework. Eurasian Business Review. 2013;3:66. DOI: 10.14208/BF03353818.
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2. Allman K. Career matters: ‘The great resignation’ sweeping workplaces around the world. LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal. 2021;81:46. DOI: 10.3316/agis.20211109056610
3. Arthur M.B., Rousseau D.M., eds. The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1996.
4. Astrologo D., Surbone A., Terna P. Il lavoro e il valore allepoca dei robot: Intelligenza artificiale e non-occupazione. Sesto San Giovanni: Meltemi: 2019.
5. Autor D.H. The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U.S. Labor Market: Implications for Employment and Earnings. Center for American Progress and the Hamilton Project: 2010. Https://economics.mit.edu/files/11589 (21/02/2022).
6. Autor D.H. The ‘Task Approach’ to Labor Markets: An Overview. Journal of Labour Market Research. 2013;46:185. DOI: 10.1007/ s12651-013-0128-z
7. Autor D.H. Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2015;29,3:3. DOI: 0.1257/jep.29.3.3
8. Autor D.H., Dorn D. The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market. American Economic Review. 2013;103,5:1553. DOI: 10.1257/aer.103.5.1553
9. Autor D.H., Katz L.F., Kearney M.S. The Polarization of the US Labor Market. American Economic Review. 2006;96,2:189. DOI: 10.1257/000282806777212620
10. Autor D.H., Levy F., Murane R.J. The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2003;118,4:1279. DOI: 10.1162/003355303322552801
11. Bai C., Dallasega P., Orzes G., Sarkis J. Industry 4.0 technologies assessment: a sustainability perspective. International Journal of Production Economics. 2020;229, 107776.
12. Beier G., Ullrich A., Niehoff S., Reifiig M., Habich M. Industry 4.0: how it is defined from a sociotechnical perspective and how much sustainability it includes - a literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020;259,120856.
13. Bonivento C., Gentili L., Paoli A. Sistemi di automazione industriale. Architetture e controllo. Milano: McGraw-Hill: 2011.
14. Borghi P., Cavalca G. Frontiere della rappresentanza: potenzialita e limiti organizzativi dell'offerta rivolta ai professionisti indipendenti. Sociologia del lavoro. 2015;140:115. DOI: 10.3280/SL2015-140008
15. Bruni A., Murgia A. Atipici o flessibili? San Precario salvaci tu!. Sociologia del lavoro. 2007;105:64. DOI: 10.1400/94229
16. Brynjolfsson E., McAfee A. The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. New York: W.W Norton & Co: 2014.
17. Castells M. La nascita della societa in rete. Milano: EGEA: 2014.
18. CEDEFOP. Skill Forecast. Trends and Challenge to 2030. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union: 2018. Https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/3077_en.pdf (21/02/2022).
19. Cirillo V., Guarascio D. Jobs and Competitiveness in a Polarised Europe. Intereconomics. 2015;50:156. DOI: 10.1007/s10272-015- 0536-0
20. Daugherty P., Wilson J.H. Human + machine: Ripensare il lavoro nell'eta dell'intelligenza artificiale. Milano: Guerini Next: 2019.
21. Drucker P. The Age of Discontinuity. Guidelines to Our Changing Society. London: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd: 1969.
22. Eurofound. Occupational Change and Wage Inequality: European Jobs Monitor 2017. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union: 2017.
23. Falcone R., Capirci O., Lucidi F., Zoccolotti P. Prospettive di intelligenza artificiale: mente, lavoro e societa nel mondo del machine learning. Giornale italiano di psicologia. 2018;1:43. DOI: 10.1421/90306
24. Fondazione Ergo. Superare il low-skill equilibrium. Quaderno di approfondimento n.3: 2019. Https://www.fondazionergo.it/upload/pdf/Quaderno_Skills_res.pdf (21/02/2022).
25. Ford M. Il futuro senza lavoro. Accelerazione tecnologica e macchine intelligenti. Come prepararsi alla rivoluzione economica in arrivo. Milano: il Saggiatore: 2017.
26. Fracaro M., Saldutti N. Lavorare da casa. I diritti (e i doveri) dello smart working. Orario di lavoro e straordinari, buoni pasto, benefit, salute e organizzazione dello spazio. Le regole per il lavoro da remoto. Milano: RCS Mediagroup: 2021.
27. Frey C.B., Osborne M.A. Technology at Work. The Future of Innovation and Employment. Oxford: Oxford Martin School: 2021. Http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/re-ports/Citi_GPS_Tech nology_Work.pdf (25/02/2022).
28. Frey C.B., Osborne M.A. The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation?. Oxford: Oxford Martin School: 2015. http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/down-loads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf (25/02/2022).
29. Frey, C.B. La trappola della tecnologia. Capitale, lavoro e potere nell'era dell'automazione. Milano: FrancoAngeli: 2020.
30. Fumagalli A. Le trasformazioni del lavoro autonomo tra crisi e precarieta: il lavoro autonomo di III generazione. Quaderni di ricerca sullartigianato. 2015;2:225. DOI: 10.12830/81143
31. Gallino L. Il lavoro non e una merce. Contro la flessibilita. Roma-Bari: Laterza: 2007.
32. Ghobakhloo M. Industry 4.0, digitization, and opportunities for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020;252,119869. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119869, EDN: RMOPQC
33. Goos M., Manning A., Salomons A. Explaining Job Polarization in Europe: The Roles of Technology, Globalization and Institutions. Centre for Economic Performance: 2010, Discussion Paper No 1026. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1983952.
34. Goos M., Manning A., Salomons A. Explaining Job Polarization: Routine Biased Technological Change and Offshoring. American Economic Review. 2014;104,8:2509. DOI: 10.1257/aer.104.8.2509
35. ILO. What Are the Effects of Job Polarization on Skills Distribution of Young Workers in Developing Countries?. International Labour Organization Youth Employment Programme: 2016. Http://www.ireg.ch/doc/etudes/2016-ILO-technical-brief-7.pdf (21/02/2022).
36. ISTAT (Italian National Institute of Statistics). Livelli di istruzione e ritorni occupazionali: 2020. Https://www.istat.it/it/files/2020/07/Livelli-di-istruzione-e-ritorni-occupazionali.pdf (21/02/2022).
37. Jabbour A.B.L.d.S., Jabbour C.J.C., Foropona C., Filho M.G. When titans meet - can industry 4.0 revolutionise the environmentally- sustainable manufacturing wave? The role of critical success factors. Technology Forecasting & Social Change. 2018;132(1):18-25.
38. Kracauer S. The Salaried Masses: Duty and Distraction in Weimar Germany. London, New York: Verso: 1930.
39. Lucchese M., Nascia L., Pianta M. Industrial Policy and Technology in Italy. Economia e Politica Industriale. 2016;43:233. DOI: 10.1007/s40812-016-0047-4
40. Marzano G. Intelligenza artificiale e mercato del lavoro: il recente dibattito americano, Economia & Lavoro. 2016;2:159. DOI: 10.7384/84409
41. Mazzucato M., Cimoli M., Dosi G., Stiglitz J.E., Landesmann M.A., Pianta M., Page T. Which Industrial Policy does Europe Need?. Intereconomics - Review of European Economic Policy. 2015;50,3:120. DOI: 10.1007/s10272-015-0535-1
42. Muller J.M., Voigt K.I. Sustainable industrial value creation in SMEs: a comparison between industry 4.0 and made in China 2025. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology. 2018;5(5):659-670. EDN: FIMRDJ
43. Osservatorio Smart Working - Politecnico di Milano: 2021. URL: https://www.osservatori.net/it/ricerche/osservatori-attivi/smart-working (20/02/2022).
44. Papa V. Working (&) poor. Dualizzazione del mercato e lavoro autonomo povero nell’UE. Rivista del Diritto della Sicurezza Sociale. 2021;1:49. DOI: 10.3241/100012
45. Parker R, Clark B.Y. Unraveling the Great Resignation: Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Oregon Workers: 2022. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4019586
46. Perry T.S. Tech Pay Rises (Almost) Everywhere: The ‘Great Resignation’ is pushing salaries up. IEEE Spectrum. 2021;58,12:17. DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2021.9641775
47. Polanyi K. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press: 2001.
48. Posada, J. From Development to Deployment: For a Comprehensive Approach to Ethics of AI and Labour: 2020. AoIR 2020: The 21th Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers. Https://spir.aoir.org/ojs/index.php/spir/article/view/11307/9981. (21/02/2022).
49. Rullani F., Rullani E. Dentro la rivoluzione digitale. Per una nuova cultura dell'impresa e del management. Torino: Giappichelli: 2018.
50. Salento A., eds. Industria 4.0: Oltre il determinismo tecnologico. Bologna: TAO Digital Library: 2018.
51. Steinhoff J. Automation and Autonomy Labour, Capital and Machines in the Artificial Intelligence Industry. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 2021.
52. Taylor F.W. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York-London: Harper & Brothers: 1911.
53. Treccani. Lessico del XXI secolo: 2013. Https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/occupabilita_%28Lessico-del-XXI-Secolo%29/ (21/02/2022).
54. Unioncamere - ANPAL. Sistema informativo Excelsior. Previsione dei fabbisogni occupazionali e professional! in Italia a medio termine (2018-2022): 2018. Https://excelsior.unioncamere.net/images/pubblicazioni2017/report-previsivo-2018-2022.pdf (21/02/2022).
55. Unioncamere - ANPAL. Sistema informativo Excelsior. Previsioni dei fabbisogni occupazionali e professionali in Italia a medio termine (2020-2024): 2020. Https://excelsior.unioncamere.net/images/pubblicazioni2020/report-previsivo-2020.pdf (21/02/2022).
56. Urbinati A., Chiaroni D., Chiesa V., Frattini F. The Role of Digital Technologies in Open Innovation Processes: An Exploratory Multiple Case Study Analysis. R & D Management. 2020;50,1:136. DOI: 10.1111/radm.12313.
57. Van Dijck J.F.T.M., Poell T., de Waal M. Platform society. Valori pubblici e societa connessa. Milano: Guerini Scientifica: 2019.
58. Vivarelli M. Technology, Employment and Skills: An Interpretative Framework. Eurasian Business Review. 2013;3:66. DOI: 10.14208/BF03353818.
59. World Economic Forum. The Future of Jobs Report 2018: 2018. Http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_ofJobs_2018.pdf (21/02/2022).
60. World Economic Forum. The Future of Jobs Report 2020: 2020. Http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_ofJobs_2020.pdf (21/02/2022).
Article
Received: 07.03.2022
Accepted: 19.09.2022
Citation Formats
Other cite formats:
APA
Fontana, R., & Calo, E. D. (2022). The Urgency to Imagine a New Paradigm. The Labour Market between Global Trends and Peculiar Italian Features after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia, 18(3), 319-329. https://doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2022.18.3.4
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ECONOMIC RESEARCH
